GRE出国考试写作指导：写作素材汇总

被精简之后再精简的issue材料，都是我考g时候总结出的最后背诵版，分两个部分：一个是分类的重要词条；另一个是一些短小的例子资料部分来源于孙远，还有其他一些下载的资料的综合，基本上够用了。分类如下：
一. 教育类
1 教育的目的和作用：Transmitting democratic values; create equality of opportunity; preparing new generations of citizens in society.
2 教育之生活技能：
Logical thinking; analysis; creative problem solving; synthesis;oral communication; writing communication; interpersonal; leadership
3 道德教育
Honesty; fairness; self-discipline; fidelity to task, friends andfamily; personal responsibility; love of a country; belief in theprinciples of liberty; equality and freedom to practice one’s faith
4 人文教育
an ability to synthesize and relate; to weigh cause and effect; tosee events in perspective; how to read, write and think; speakintelligently; get along with others; conceptualize problems
5 填鸭教育
二. 科技类
1 带来landfill: outdated devices, discarded chemicals, plastic packaging
2 带来out of work: automation contribute to out of work; thedevelopment of computers and transistors and the accompanying trendtoward miniaturization
3 坏处：automobile exhausts, pesticides such as DDT threaten the food chain, mineral wastes pollute reservoirs of groundwater
4 好处：telecomuniting: because of the side effect relatively inferior,improve productivity, develop quantity management, reduce laborresourcefulness
5 双面性：as medicine both have side effect; however, people could not reject to receive them with more benefits
6 事例：国防军备，基因治疗疾病，机器人的工业用途，全球化；事业，个人隐私，伦理，社会不平等，文化落后，文化殖民，温室效应，饮水质量数量，灌溉用水，工业用水，发电，渔业，化学泄漏，核泄漏导致死亡，疾病
三. 竞争类
1 竞争的好处：in business: 电脑更先进，通讯更发达，价格更低；其他：挑战人类极限，促进学习，使社会民主
2 合作的好处：例子如篮球，建筑，修路；坏处：失去竞争；过度：合作垄??政府operate以免失去competition
3 合作竞争：co-opetition, a combination of cooperation and competition, is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition.
四. 社会问题
1贫穷：由产于物产见得conflict，class discrimination and unequal opportunities, the social welfare system and affirmative action.
2 种族歧视：power and wealth 分不均造成的：个人自由，公民自由，权威的滥用；经济机会，社会活动，文盲，失业，无家可归，疾病。种族纯优化，种族隔离，制度不平等
3 反社会问题：犯罪，暴力，drugs, criminal justice system, 家庭不稳定，家庭暴力，学业不好，媒体影响，离婚
4 性别歧视：工作地方，职业，工资，教育
5 医疗健康问题：器官移植，基因治疗，安乐死化学潜在的危害、治病，消除饥饿
6 能源问题：污染—health risks, acid rain ,global warming, renewable
五 政治类
1 目的：产生，保持，扩大wealth, prosperity influence
2 道德与政治的异同:
similarity: regulate or direct human behavior, 程度不同
二者界限模糊，取决于社会矛盾，政治目标，道德可以政治化，政治可以道德化
六.丑闻
Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Thomson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jefferson, many
believe, fathered children, by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illigitionate child.
七.企业文化的重要性：
1 Leader 作道德榜样，让员工更忠心，以企业为荣
2 是吸引和留住人才的因素，建设文化组织让员工自我实现
3 对CEO要求：建设文化，鼓励负责的行为，解除劳动潜力
4 好的企业文化：保证稳定以致，更让人尊敬，信任，不建立信任将被所有人拒绝
八.历史类
1 Lesson of courage, diligence, 积极抗争
2 预测未来：像过去学习，不要觉得好笑或有优越感，而要理解人们想象和梦想明天的动机。这有个很好的名人名言：Machiavelli, anItalian philosopher, wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future mustconsult the past, for human events ever resemble those of precedingtimes.”
3 预测模式：根据过去发生的事与将来相似的过去因素对未来的影响，延续历史
九.艺术类
可能这类事很多人最惧怕的，但是我看了下面这篇文章之后就很想考到的是艺术类，文章来自于《新东方英语》（不好意思，那本书暂时找不到了，等找到不上来。）
以上的字眼有完整的小段，建议可以参照下面的写法，不要背诵，毕竟那不是自己的东西。
The purpose of education is to transmit democratic values, createequality of opportunity, and prepare new generation of citizens insociety.
Everyone should be taught life skills as analysis, logical thinking,synthesis, and creative problem solving rather than just knowledgewhich are more important for people to survive freely in the complexand rapid change.
We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty,fairness, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personalresponsibility, love their country, and belief in the principles ofliberty, equality and the freedom to practice one’s faith.
To study history and classics is to teach students the ability tosynthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events inperspective
Liberal art teaches you how to think, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.
Students are being so stuffed indigestible mass of material thatthey have no time to draw on his own resources,"to use their own mindsfor analyzing and synthesizing and evaluating this material

Artis a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libidointo plentiful creativity. It is through the "work of art that artistscan express their passions, emotions, and desires. Art is concerningwith the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.
Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, was renownedby creating many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famoussymphony, chorus with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It notonly has to be the prominent imagination that stimulate him to struggleand thrive, thus can even listen in spite of no hearings, but moreimportant, determines his keen interest in music.
Monet, throughout his lifetime, always obtained no acclaim andreward and suffered in poverty however, he, finally, gain the respectof everyone. Nowadays, people understand his impressive paintingsunrise and affirm its value.
Art also can reflect problems and phenomenon of a society. Take vanGogh as an example. The painting, one of his most famous works calledpotato eaters reflect the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw itamong the miners in Belgium
Automation trade-off technological advancement has both positiveeffects which enhance production efficiency and quality control, reducethe need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks andnegative effects such as landfills with outdated devices, discardedchemicals, and plastic packaging, make many jobs unnecessary so thatput employees out of work or force them to retrain.
The complex and rapidly developed society encourage competition sothat in many aspects, people can gain several benefits. In business,for the sake of survival in competition, companies must continue toimprove the quality of services and products, and as a result, theentire society prospers, at least economically.
By the development of technology, during the past decades, all ofgood things happen because of only competition, including a computershrinking in size, increasing in power, reducing in price, and a rapidexpansion of telecommunications networking in a declining price.
The Olympic Game is a form of competition break up records tochallenge human limits, gotten along with each other country to improvefriendship and peace
Competition can not make everyone win challenges as a win-winsituation. On the other word, cooperation is the only driving forcethat will make every participant a winner. In this super-modern world,tasks are more complex and there are more specialists. In an orchestra,in the office, in the school, in the lab to study, in the creation of afilm, and on many jobs, we know that we have to work in teams.
Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves andhave-nots and a structural arrangement of inequality, thus, the povertyis perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunitiesfor upward mobility. Indeed, the modern society has strived to improvepeople’s lives by establishing the social welfare system and performingsome other affirmative actions.
Imbalances in the distribution of power-the loss of personalfreedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority lead people todissatisfy.
Imbalance in the distribution of wealth—the loss of economicopportunity and social mobility, the creation of a permanentunderclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness,hunger, and disease contribute people to crime.
Racial discrimination such as racial purity or superiority,stereotyping and labeling, physical and social segregation,institutionalized inequality need to be eliminated through globaleducation which gathers students who come from different countriestogether to learn the same courses in which teachers instruct studentsfairness, honesty, love the world and every committees, fidelity totasks, friends and ….
Family problems: family instability, divorce and child custody,spouse and child abuse, gender issues, gay and lesbian families,reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion.
Gene problems: the bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, genetherapies. Genetic engineering can be used to many aspects of humanlife better such as reduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemicalsubstances, cure diseases at the DNA level, and improve the possibilityof ending worldwide poverty and starvation.
Pollution not only affects human beings’ lives but also destroy theenvironment in which many other specials live. Chemical leak killseveral people. Pose health risks and contribute to acid rain andglobal warming.
A politician’s job is to build, maintain, and expand the wealth,prosperity and political influence of his nation; district, county,state or what have you.
Both morality and politics (law) serve to regulate or direct humanbehavior. They differ, however, in the strength of their regulation anddemand different, though related, personal qualities.
The boundaries between morality and politics are very flexible. Insome periods particular relations can be regulated by moral mechanisms,which in some other periods are ruled by political ones. theinteraction between morality and politics depends on the particularsocial contradictions and objective possibilities of achieving class,state and national goals by acting in accordance with, or neglecting,respective moral values and norms.
When the political theory, ideology and practice come into sharpcontradiction with the morality of the people, they lose efficacy andin the end are doomed to failure. Therefore, every political theory,ideology and practice seeks moral justification and arguments in orderto be accepted by the masses.
Leaders need to establish an organization culture and areresponsible for reputation management of their companies, governmentsand groups. As role models of values-based leadership, they can winloyalty and superior performance of their employees. The organizationculture as the distinctive competitive factor will be the ability toattract and retain the most talented people and obtain personalfulfillment.
History as a mirror is used to represent a study of the past—a studynot only of great heroes of history who successfully worked throughmoral dilemmas, but also of many ordinary people who provided lessonsin courage, diligence, or constructive protest.
Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher wrote: “whoever wishes toforesee the future must consult the past; for human events everresemble those of preceding times.”
以下就是一些例子：
1 交叉学科的例子（一个网友写了给我的）：
In 1994, John Nash, the renowned mathematician in 20th century,shared the Nobel Prize with two co-winners who were alsomathematicians. However, they were awarded in Economic Sciences ratherthan their own academic field-mathematics. Nash’s work on game theory,including the Nash equilibrium and the Nash arbitration scheme hasallowed researchers to better understand problems of competition andcooperation among agents or players. His and his co-winners’ findinghad a phenomenal impact on economic analysis and appreciations in manyother fields including in political science, biology, ecology, etc.
2 学术丑闻：
Hwang woo-suk, the former professor of Seoul National University inKorea, made headlines last year when he unveiled the first cloned humanembryo. The work marked the start of what many scientists believedwould be a revolution. However, not very sooner, Hwang was forced toadmit that he had lied. Not only did he use eggs donated by his femalestaff, but also fabricated cell lines and concocted DNA tests. Thisincident has sent shock waves around the scientific world, and theethics of scientists was also raised upon the table.