Passage 16
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for (5) its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to (10) dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs.(15) They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary ” institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions (20) comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.
A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars a
gree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and (25) ethnic community resources for investment capital . Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family finan- cial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives. (30) forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actu-(35) ally avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit (40) associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New (45)York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. (50) Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts.The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung (55) from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They. in turn, provided work for many Irish (60) home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.
1. Based on the information in the passage. it would be LEAST likely for which of the following persons to be part of a self-help network?
?(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend
?(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt
?(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader
?(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor
?(E) The entrepreneur’s banker
2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self help support network, as such networks are described in the passage?
?(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its open-enrollment adult education program.
?(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
?(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to establish their own businesses.
?(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job training for its members and their friends.
?(E) A community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification in a variety of technical trades.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations?
?(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.
?(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants in New York in the early twentieth century.
?(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’s would have been unlikely to rely on them.
?(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.
?(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for investment capital.
4. The passage best supports which of the following statements?
?(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to start a business.
?(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
?(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.
?(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organization.
?(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of their founders.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?
?(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counterargument.
?(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.
?(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.
?(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions.
?(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then clarified.
6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned business is established, self-help networks contribute which of the following to that business?
?(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities
?(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition
?(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses
?(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers of the new business
?(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups
7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely to do which of the following?
?(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts
?(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples of business enterprises
?(C) Stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses
?(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather than means of starting them
?(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan associations mentioned in the last paragraph?
?(A) They were started by third-or fourth-generation immigrants.
?(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related groups.
?(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with construction.
?(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish construction workers.
?(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic groups.
Passage 17
Species interdependence in nature confers many benefits on the species involved, but it can also become a point of weakness when one species involved in the relationship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus, flowering (5) plant species dependent on insect pollination, as opposed to self-pollination or wind pollination, could be endangered when the population of insect-pollinators is depleted by the use of pesticides.
In the forests of New Brunswick, for example, (10) various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economically significant pest. Scientists have now investigated the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators. (15) They studied Matacil’s effects on insect mortality in a wide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecundity, expressed as the percentage of the total flowers on an individual plant that actually developed fruit and bore seeds. They found that the most pronounced (20) mortality after the spraying of Matacil occurred among the smaller bees and one family of flies, insects that were all important pollinators of numerous species of plants growing beneath the tree canopy of forests. The fecundity of plants in one common indigenous species, the (25) red-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced in the sprayed areas as compared to that of plants in control plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This species is highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulnerable to Matacil. The creeping dogwood, a species similar (30) to the red-osier dogwood, but which is pollinated by large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no significant decline in fecundity. Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil. these results and weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensi(35) tive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.
The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered. Plant species dependent (40) solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviously more vulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity that occurs, whatever its cause. If, on the other hand, vegeta- tive growth and dispersal (by means of shoots or runners) are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a (45) species, then decreases in plant fecundity may be of little consequence. The fecundity effects described here are likely to have the most profound impact on plant species with all four of the following characteristics: a short life span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity for vege- (50) tative propagation, and a dependence on a small number of insect-pollinator species. Perhaps we should give special attention to the conservation of such plant species since they lack key factors in their defenses against the environmental disruption caused by pesticide use.
1. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?
?(A) Species interdependence is a point of weakness for some plants, but is generally beneficial to insects involved in pollination.
?(B) Efforts to control the spruce budworm have had deleterious effects on the red-osier dogwood.
?(C) The used of pesticides may be endangering certain plant species dependent on insects for pollination.
?(D) The spraying of pesticides can reduce the fecundity of a plant species, but probably does not affect its overall population stability.
?(E) Plant species lacking key factors in their defenses against human environmental disruption will probably become extinct.
2. According to the author, a flowering plant species whose fecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying may not experience an overall population decline if the plant species can do which of the following?
?(A) Reproduce itself by means of shoots and runners.
?(B) Survive to the end of the growing season.
?(C) Survive in harsh climates.
?(D) Respond to the fecundity decline by producing more flowers.
?(E) Attract large insects as pollinators
3. The passage suggests that the lack of an observed decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood strengthens the researchers conclusions regarding pesticide use because the
?(A) creeping dogwood its a species that does not resemble other forest plants
?(B) creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a broader range of insect species than are most dogwood species ?(C) creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions that were not sprayed with pesticide, and so served as a control for the experiment
?(D) creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier dogwood, but its insect pollinators are known to be insensitive to the pesticide used in the study
(E) geographical range of the creeping dogwood is similar to that of the red-osier dogwood, but the latter species relies less on seeds for reproduction
4. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the forest regions in New Brunswick sprayed with most anti-budworm pesticides other than Matacil?
?(A) The fecundity of some flowering plants in those regions may have decreased to an even greater degree than in the regions where Matacil is used.
?(B) Insect mortality in those regions occurs mostly among the larger species of insects, such as
bumblebees.
?(C) The number of seeds produced by common plant species in those regions is probably comparable to the number produced where Matacil is sprayed.
?(D) Many more plant species have become extinct in those regions than in the regions where Matacil is used.
?(E) The spruce budworm is under better control in those regions than in the regions where Matacil is sprayed.
5. It can be inferred that which of the following is true of plant fecundity as it is defined in the passage?
?(A) A plant’s fecundity decreases as the percentage of unpollinated flowers on the plant increases
?(B) A plant’s fecundity decreases as the number of flowers produced by the plant decreases.
?(C) A plant’s fecundity increases as the number of flowers produced by the plant increases.
?(D) A plant’s fecundity is usually low if the plant relies on a small number of insect species for pollination.
?(E) A plant’s fecundity is high if the plant can reproduce quickly by means of vegetative growth as well as by the production of seeds.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following plant species would be LEAST likely to experience a decrease in fecundity as a result of the spraying of a pesticide not directly toxic to plants?
?(A) A flowering tree pollinated by only a few insect species
?(B) A kind of insect-pollinated vine producing few flowers
?(C) A wind-pollinated flowering tree that is short-lived
?(D) A flowering shrub pollinated by a large number of insect species
?(E) A type of wildflower typically pollinated by larger insects
7. Which of the following assumptions most probably underlies the author’s tentative recommendation in lines 51-54?
?(A) Human activities that result in environmental disruption should be abandoned.
?(B) The use of pesticides is likely to continue into the future.
?(C) It is economically beneficial to preserve endangered plant species.
?(D) Preventing the endangerment of a species is less costly than trying to save an already endangered one.
?(E) Conservation efforts aimed at preserving a few well chosen species are more cost-effective than are broader-based efforts to improve the environment.
Passage 18
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the (5)?organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their coun-(10) tryside; migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover.” Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English---they would rather have stayed home-by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they (15) regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn
holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns (20) varied considerably. Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn(25) suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; (30) by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a halfcivilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were (35) part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what (40) of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had power- (45) ful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. (50) Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up (55) good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely antiaristocratic.
1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the passage?
?(A) A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
?(B) Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
?(C) Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seven-tenth century.
?(D) By the 1730’s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.
?(E) A significant percentage of migrants who came to the colonies to acquire land were forced to work as field hands for prosperous American farmers.
2. The author of the passage states that Bailyn failed to
?(A) give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England
?(B) describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the united States
?(C) take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land
?(D) relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States
?(E) investigate the lives of Europeans before they came to colonial North America to determine more adequately their motivations for migrating
3. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of Bailyn’s fourth proposition?
?(A) It is totally implausible.
?(B) It is partially correct.
?(C) It is highly admirable.
?(D) It is controversial though persuasive.
?(E) It is intriguing though unsubstantiated.
4. According to the passage, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?
?(A) High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.
?(B) The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians.
?(C) The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
?(D) The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.
?(E) New England communities were able to create laws and build a university, but unable to create anything innovative in the arts.
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true of English migrants to the colonies during the eighteenth century?
?(A) Most of them were farmers rather than trades people or artisans.
?(B) Most of them came because they were unable to find work in England.
?(C) They differed from other English people in that they were willing to travel.
?(D) They expected that the colonies would offer them increased opportunity.
?(E) They were generally not as educated as the people who remained in England.
6. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
?(A) comparing several current interpretations of early American history
?(B) suggesting that new social research on migration should lead to revisions in current interpretations of early American history
?(C) providing the theoretical framework that is used by most historians in understanding early American history
?(D) refuting an argument about early American history that has been proposed by social historians
?(E) discussing a reinterpretation of early American history that is based on new social research on migration
7. It can be inferred from the passage that American history textbooks used to assert that
?(A) many migrants to colonial North America were not successful financially
?(B) more migrants came to America out of religious or political conviction that came in the hope of acquiring land
?(C) New England communities were much alike in terms of their economics and demographics
?(D) many migrants to colonial North America failed to maintain ties with their European relations
?(E) the level of literacy in New England communities was very high
8. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn’s work?
?(A) Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture
?(B) Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain.
?(C) Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.
?(D) Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America.
?(E) Bailyn overemphasizes the experiences of migrants to the New England colonies, and neglects the southern and the western parts of the New World.
Passage 1９
Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltrysums are available for excavating and even less is avail-able for publishing the results and preserving the sites (5)once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with pricelessobjects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.
I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that (10) would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for (15) the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.(20)
You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique(25) artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply,everything that comes our of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.(30)
I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs ina single courtyard, Even preciousroyal seal impressions (35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abundance---more than 4,000 examples so far.
The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to (40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer,sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to (45) sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer Apurchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.
It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging (50)would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose
(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts
(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession
(C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value
(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites
(E) a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts
2. The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT:
(A) A market for such artifacts already exists.
(B) Such artifacts seldom have scientific value.
(C) There is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts.
(D) Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts.
(E) Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections.
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?
(A) Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.
(B) Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.
(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.
(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.
(E) Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.
4. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (lines 31-34) to emphasize which of the following points?
(A) Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal impressions.
(B) Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.
(C) Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.
(D) Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable artifacts.
(E) Illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are wide-spread, particularly on the island of Cyprus.
5. The author’s argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.
(B) The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.
(C) Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.
(D) Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.
(E) Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal excavators.
6. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?
(A) Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.
(B) An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.
(C) Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.
(D) Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.
(E) Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.
7.The author implies that which of the following would occur if duplicate artifacts were sold on the open market?
Ⅰ.Illegal excavation would eventually cease completely.
Ⅱ.Cyprus would become the primary source of marketable duplicate artifacts
Ⅲ.Archaeologists would be able to publish the results of their excavations more frequently than they currently do.
(A) Ⅰonly
(B) Ⅲ only
(C) Ⅰand Ⅱonly
(D) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
Passage 20
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options,estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision,(5) and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, thesesenior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to mangage a network of interrelated problemsthat require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a (15)poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality: others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is (20) neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuitionin at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intu-ition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based (25) on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experi-ence that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth,some managers use intuition as a check on the results (30) of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutionssuggested by these methods which run counter to their (35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managerscan use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitiveprocess in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.(40)One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied (45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managersdevelop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and thenacting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the manage-(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to developa more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often (55) part of defining the problem, not just of implementingthe solution.
1. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem
(B) identify a problem
(C) bring together disparate facts
(D) stipulate clear goals
(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem
2. The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?
(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.
3. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” (line 28) as it is presented in the passage?
(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.
(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.
(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.
(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.
(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.
4. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) evaluation of a problem
(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem
(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision
(D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem
(E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not
(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
(E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; manager X does not.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that “thinking/acting cycles” (line 45 ) in managerial practice would be likely to result in which of the following?
Ⅰ.A manager analyzes a network of problems and then acts on the basis of that analysis.
Ⅱ. A manager gathers data by acting and observing the effects of action.
Ⅲ. A manager takes action without being able to articulate reasons for that particular action.
(A) Ⅰ only
(B) Ⅱ only
(C) Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
(D) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ
7. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?
(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
(C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills
(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.
(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the passage?
(A) An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
(B) A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
(C) The results of recent research are introduced and summarized
(D) Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
(E) A widely accepted definition is presented and qualified.
