这篇听的好可怜啊，今天早点休息了，养足精神明天继续加油！
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7月14日 第1篇7 J$ Q8 B5 I0 K" k1 L6 Y
physiology and psychology 6; q- R6 o0 l7 e& n% o, F2 I" L; `
Questions 38-41 Listen to Med-watch, a radio program about medical news.
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Did you ever wonder why it is that most people are programmed to sleep at night (and stay it) instead of during the day? If there’s something about the cycle (life) of light and dark, that’s telling us when to sleep, then shouldn’t sleep cycle of a (bland) blind person be different? As it turns out, many blind people, people with no visual perception of light at all, do have the same sleep cycle as sighted people.
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& q( R  C+ y6 DSo, now you’re wondering: how can this happen? (Be) The answer is: hormones, one hormone in particular. It’s called melatonin退黑激素. In sighted people, the level of melatonin goes up at night or when it is dark, and goes down in the day or when it is light. It’s believed that it is the (presents) presence of this hormone in the blood that gives us the urge to sleep. If (the) an increase in melatonin level programs sighted people to sleep at night, then what about blind people?
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7 U& G  @. E6 SA researcher named Dr. Charles Czeisler tells about an interesting experiment. He tried shining a bright light into the eyes of some blind people. When he did this, he noted that the level of melatonin in the blood of these subjects went down, just as (what) it would do for sighted people. Somehow, the eyes of these subjects, even though they were damaged and had no visual perception of light, could (tend) tell their brain when there is more (laser) or less light. Now, this doesn’t work for all blind people. In fact, most of the Caeisler’s subjects had no hormone response to light at all. Further research may be able to explain this sensitivity to light, in terms of the type of blindness of the subject.
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7月14日 第2篇; v) d3 E4 N5 a
physiology and psychology 7
7 ~. L( [. o: U% ^6 YQuestions 47-50 Listen to a professor talking to a class./ L# r* I6 C+ R7 T5 k9 X

1 D- r* X* S( C, K& J; @So, you see, physical illness can have psychological causes. Now we just have time to introduce another interesting example of the interaction between the mind and the body-placebos. Placebos, maybe you’ve heard them called sugar pills, are harmless substances, not (with) always sugar, that are used routinely on groups of sick people in experiments. These experiments test the effectiveness of new drugs. One group is given the new drug, the other group is given a placebo, and the results are measured.
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As you might guess, some of the people who receive the new drug get better. Surprisingly, however, some of the placebo group also get better. Why? Well, it’s an interesting question, one which doctors can’t quite answer. Some of the group may have gotten better (on and on) on their own without any treatment at all, but the research has shown that the very active of taking a medication that you think will make you better, often does make you feel better. Have you ever take an aspirin and felt better in five minuets? Aspirin doesn’t work that fast, does it? Basically, if you believe you’ll get better, sometimes you do. 0 p- }7 C& N& Y+ M. H

1 r! L& l) i$ m# k# {# DThe history how doctors and (hillers) healers医师 have used the mind-body connection to cure people is long and interesting -but I see that it’s time to close, so I’ll have to cover this in next class. You’ll have to hold your questions on this topic till then. Before you go, I have some (hand of) handouts资料 for you, (consider) concerning the midterm exams next week.

7月14日 第3篇4 }$ `6 X* t' K2 j
分类下 anthropology 15 D6 t2 k- z9 k- x8 ]; U3 V, U
Questions 42-46 Listen to part of talk given in anthropology4 E7 D& l3 m) D6 @# E+ C. y8 C+ o
class.6 s* F4 S. N8 C. E
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Today’s lecture (ll send the) will center on pre-historic people (living in) of the Nevada desert. Now, most of these prehistoric desert people moved across the countryside throughout the year. You might think that they were wandering aimlessly-far from it. They actually follow a series of carefully planned moves, where they moved depended on where food was available-places where plants were ripening or fish (responding) were spawning产卵.' ^+ Y4 X4 F8 P, l* K/ Q( Q

; F( w9 r% W; j# T  cNow, often when (is) these people moved, they carried all their possessions on their backs. But if the journey was long, extra food and tools were sometimes stored in caves or (buried in the) beneath rocks. (What) One of these caves is now an exciting archaeological site. Beyond its small opening is a huge underground (grado) grotto洞穴. Even though the cave’s very large, it was certainly too dark and dusty for the travelers to live in-but it was a great place to hide things and tremendous amounts of food supplies and artifacts古物 have been found there. The food includes dried fish, seeds and nuts. The artifacts includes stone spear points and knifes. The spear points are actually rather small. Here is a picture of some that were found, you can see their size in relation to the hands (compared in) holding them. 3 a1 f) _6 h  ]8 i7 I' q' e" [
7月14日 第4篇
) z% ^7 Z7 ~1 {  p- i分类下 anthropology 26 |  S/ M7 h- r& p2 Y
Questions 46-50 Listen to part of a lecture given in anthropology class.
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: G' Q& {# h! ~" ~- u3 d7 X2 l0 I# nWell, if there are no more questions, I would like to continue our discussion of human evolution by looking at Homo人 erectus直立, the earliest of our ancestors who stood upright. Homo erectus lived about one and half million years ago and was given that name because, at the time the first fossil化石 was discovered. It represented the first primate to stand upright.
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(The raise) There is evidence now that Homo erectus had sharper mental skills than their predecessors祖先. They constructed the first standardized tool for hunting and butchering屠宰. They created an extraordinary (spilly instrument) stone implement, a large (tear job) teardrop泪珠 shaped hand ax斧头 whose design and symmetry reveal a keen sense of aesthetics美学. This detailing, along with the (exercise) ax’s utilitarian实用 value strongly suggest that Homo erectus had the ability to conceive of and execute实现 a design to specification. 9 S8 Y& b% @/ Z- |/ r' T

! F& ]2 Z( g1 T, F) HIn addition, Homo erectus was the first hominid原始人 to use fire. This discovery (test) enticed诱使5 o! U$ V' d' r( A/ I3 X( S
them to cook meat, which they could flavor and keep from spoiling泄漏 by flame and which paleontologists古生物学者 now believe may have given them a new disease. Some fossil bones of Homo erectus are grossly 非常; ?( T4 F# l2 |9 |% y
deformed and paleontologists have noted that this (indication) condition is similar to that found in people today who have been exposed to chronic overdoses of vitamin A. Apparently, Homo erectus first got this disease by eating a large amount of animal liver肝脏. * u2 }% [; ~* Y! f+ Q: n( a
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7月14日 第5篇# J+ ?0 q0 Y1 i$ R4 v$ }, {
分类下 anthropology 3" S* U; g* x% ?
Questions 43-46 listen to a guest speaker talking to an anthropology class.9 I. S) P, y7 p+ I$ Y
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I understand your professor has been discussing several eastern woodland Indian tribes in your study of native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the eastern woodland Indians get their name from the (fast) forest-covered areas of the eastern Untied states (of) where they lived. The earliest woodland cultures date back 9,000 years. But the group we’ll focus on dates back only to about 700 AD. We now call these native Americans the Mississippian culture because they settled in Mississippi river valley. / H7 r% ?: k3 g$ l# s+ Y) B

$ l. A% F' m* v* q( c(Their symbolization is no for its fight topomaniments, called Topomas.) This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments纪念碑 called temple mounds跺. They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the (houses) huts小屋, `8 S& t/ }3 N  `5 M  {! m/ y
of the townspeople build in (roads) rows round the plaza. ( }6 f) {  y9 u: [2 h- j- ^; C
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The Mississippian people were city dwellers, but some city residents earned their living as farmers, tending护理 the fields of corn, beans and squash南瓜* y* U3 o- U/ a
that surrounded the city. The city’s artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items.# Y3 B3 S) s5 [' j- t" p

4 ]6 }8 t( E$ {, E# }1 b' OIn the slides (that are) I’m about to show, you’ll see models of a Mississippian city.
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8 `; b+ P9 n/ K2 K, W' ~分类下 business 1$ J$ k5 w: F4 B1 d
Questions 43-46 Listen to an instructor in a business class.
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! P: C) @; w- w/ m' ?0 V. MI hope you’ve all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance, so that you’re prepared for our discussion today. But before we start, I’d like to mention a few things your text doesn’t (going to) go into.
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' Q! Z; b0 N' v' h! Z9 I5 jIt’s interesting to note that insurance has existed some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 BC.# O' A0 D2 O5 y: @- \& v# `2 g

3 P( e8 d2 h+ e) w) s' ~In general, the contract were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted the loan to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn’t have to be repaid. Interests on the loans varied according to how (rescure) risky it was to (transfer) transport the goods. During the periods of heavy piracy of Sea, for example, the amount of interests and the cost of the policy went up considerably. : [( R. D. |* E' y+ K' z% c% i2 [

  m& W, }+ ~# ^+ D: L2 V6 H* c/ ESo, you can see how insurance (have) helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions, when they had this kind of protection available.
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: t3 o/ l4 c; }( f3 z" D6 ^+ hGenerally speaking, the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient突出的 then and remain paramount重要 in all policies today. They were (all landing) outlined in Chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today’s discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?

7月15日 第1篇, i: Y) R6 a. ^1 J
分类下 business 2
; K* L3 q2 u# u5 G8 H2 ?4 g, X7 ]Question 39-42 Listen to a talk about food labels.: f3 y8 y7 h) n/ e" i8 a! X! i4 D9 U
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(Survey)Current studies show that (there was)what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufactures since more than 70% shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product.  v. {5 n& I" H; F, K# j! T
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A recent controversy as to whether labels on (compared) prepared foods should educated or merely inform the consumers is over. And a consumer group got its way. The group had maintained that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains. Their contention was, the labels should also list the percentage of a day’s total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer, because this information is essential in planning (our) a healthy diet.* K4 I! E& d. G
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A government agency disagreed strongly, favoring the label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only lists the contents of the product. The agency maintained that the consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs.
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The consumer group, in supporting its case, has (said that the) cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and (when they) were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrient after eating a (survey) serving of this product. The shoppers weren’t able to answer the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage. 1 b( Y. x! q( j2 p% |/ A2 x3 x( S7 ~

5 g7 |2 U$ a0 X2 I/ M( Q& I3 I3 cThis study (an doctors) and others (have together with) helped get the new regulation passed and now food products must have more detailed labels.
3 {$ _7 D( f' l) q1 e- D3 c5 }4 R7月15日 第2篇
- y: P5 H* [5 @分类下 business 3
0 [5 Q  O; E9 G' k* A5 a$ c3 K) j! EQuestions 47-50 Listen to a guest speaker being introduced to a local group.
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9 w# X. Q+ `) b- sThank you (offer) all for coming out this evening to meet sociologist Ellen Lambert. Ms Lambert (specialists) specializes in research on the workplace and recently has been writing about the future of work. ) M8 R7 a2 `8 `: x/ g
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This topic should be of special interest, since I know, many of you are (all ready) already the (full front) forefront最前线
% S5 c. J  ^% W2 x" X( rof workplace technology. For example, let’s have a show of hands to see how many people here telecommute远距离工作 (this) at least part of the time. I see eight hands raised. Well, you eight folks who work at home and communicate with your office (by) via a computer represents (that you have entrance) one of the trends Ms Lambert has described: (the) that people are becoming less (tight) tied to the workplace.
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One of the important tools for telecommunicating is electronic mail or E-mail. E-mail lets you send and receive the messages almost immediately on your computer, but you (can choose) control when you read them, and when you respond to them. This technology allows people to have more control over time, than (one) when relying solely on the telephone. Our guest tonight will discuss how these important changes will alter the way we work.
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; d. R: K/ ^* q& M+ ?" |8 kBut before turning the floor over to Ms Lambert, I would like to remind you that (the chill) she will be available to answer any individual questions (as)at the reception接待会 immediately following this talk.

7月15日 第三篇- Y+ d& u. b1 |9 J' C
分类下 business 4$ Z, j, E$ ~  z! A; b. p
Questions 46-50 Listen to a talk by a management professor
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Today I’d like to turn our attention to an area of management often overlooked in traditional management courses-small business management. Small businesses have gone from being traditional small town stores selling food or clothing to sophisticated high-tech enterprises. And in addition to the important products they produce, they (treat) create jobs for lots of people because there are so many of them. 9 u4 U; e: @4 c' t" d5 f# N

' S0 l( u# |- u6 a; a- L8 AIt’s important for management to keep in mind which of the customers’ needs the business serves because it can’t serve all their needs. Writing a business plan that everyone in the organization understands and follows will help to provide the necessary focus and direction. It’s important to (stay it) state clearly what the purpose of the business is. Additionally, each person within the organization must know what tasks to perform in order to fulfill that purpose. 7 v& d: F9 C/ v' g
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Now, if for some reason, a business plan doesn’t work, try hard to discover why not, rewrite it, and immediately focus on the new plan. A word of caution, however, never give up a bad plan without replacing it. A business has to have a plan because it can’t afford to waste its limited resources. And as you know, waste leads to unnecessarily (hikes) high production costs. Production costs are at the heart of the company’s ability to make a high quality product and sell it at an affordable price.
) y; ?' X+ `2 _3 |* g1 X7月15日 第4篇/ Y2 M( p0 @1 [8 A
分类下 linguistics  1
" k; y. }; X6 k, C, i. B5 d: ~. ^! o' |Questions 43-46 Listen to a teacher talking to students in her Freshman English course.
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! W: l- E/ w( W" ?* CI’m sure you realize that your research papers are due in 6 weeks. I’ve looked at your proposed topics and made comments about them. The most frequent problem was proposing too-broad a topic, remember, this is only a 15 page paper. + j0 q& ~8 V. v+ j: F6 u

( H( D2 A  \  U* X9 O5 t. }As I return your topic papers, I’d like to look over the schedule which sketches out what we’ll do during the next two weeks. (The day) Today is Monday, by Friday, I want your preliminary outline. Please be sure to incorporate the suggestions I’ve made in your topics in your outlines. Next week, I’ll have a conference with each of you. I’ve posted a schedule on my (store) office door-sign your name to indicate the time (your) you’re available for an appointment. In the conference, we’ll discuss your preliminary outline. Then you can make the necessary revisions and hand in your final outline which is due two weeks from today.
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: j$ e0 z* u) F& g4 ZUse the outline style in your textbook, and remember it should be no more than two pages long. Be sure to begin with a (less) thesis论文
2 i, P( Y7 t1 jstatement, that is, with the precise statement of the point (to your proof) you intend to prove and include a conclusion. 4 U$ ]) C5 Z+ Y8 J7 y
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Have you got all that? Your two page preliminary outlines are due at the end of this week, and final outlines are due after your conferences. Follow the textbook style, and include a thesis statement and a conclusion.

7月15日 第5篇
- N5 N% \, C0 O; p分类下 linguistics 2
! @, H: ?" X$ z, L3 U  R! o; gQuestions 47-50 Listen to part of a lecture given in an introductory linguistics class. , `5 E+ `+ M+ E. `; W& K

( ]# y. a- J5 j5 y6 IWe’ve probably all wondered: how a new word gets into the dictionary? Take the word doofus for example, spelled: d-o-o-f-u-s, meaning a stupid or incompetent person. This word which has been around since the late 1960s in a slang俚语 sense, (permitted) made it into the Merriam-Webster’s collegiate学院的 dictionary only in 1993.5 ~7 |3 S' A7 \) @7 B: H

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Why did it take so long? Well, first of all, dictionary editors like to wait at least three years to be (shown) sure a word is going to last, especially a slang word. They don’t want to put in a new word prematurely and have to take it out in the next edition.
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But even for words that aren’t slang, getting into the dictionary isn’t easy. New words have to pass a lot of editorial tests, including how difficult or easy they are to look up. (They) There’s also a limit to how (fix) thick a dictionary can be, or how small its type can get before people feel they don’t want to use it. Some words have to come out before others can go in. The collegiate dictionary adds about 10,000 words to every edition, but takes out only a few hundred, so choices have to be made very carefully.
) k1 F( f8 D( G$ a! s4 Q$ O  v; p7月15日 第6篇( o& `) e6 R/ v3 d7 t2 v- `6 h
分类下 linguistics 30 F% K) M$ C+ {) V" c
Question 39-42 Listen to part of lecture in an introductory linguistics class.7 M" @# x; y1 j3 H$ N1 U: B$ O

; C6 J3 j, m$ `* }You’ll recall that in last week’s class I talked about how the sound made by most animals, though sometimes complex, are different from human language. Only in humans do these sounds represent objects and events. Keeping in mind that most animals can only repeat their limited utterances说话over and over again. While humans can (thinks) say things that have never been (set) said before. Today I want to focus on human language and how it developed.
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( Z. Y% a  Z& L# VI (dare) doubt you’ll be surprised when I say that the evolution of language was slow and laborious费力. There’s some reliable evidence that language began with early humans a million and a half years ago. (Due to) Through the study of the size and shape of the brain fossils, scientists have determined that early human brains-like modern brains-had a left hemisphere slightly larger than the right hemisphere. We know that in modern humans, the left hemisphere is the (site) seat of the language. We also know that early human brains had a well-developed frontal section, known as the Broka’s area, which (were the names of) coordinates the
( U* J( K6 ^& N( l3 f6 Imuscles of the mouth and throat.- Q. T8 I3 p: B+ C# ~& a' R

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It’s clear, then, that early humans had a speech apparatus. They can produce any sound that we can. What we don’t know is whether early humans used what they had. Since scholars know virtually nothing about prehistoric speech patterns, all they can do is speculate about how language actually originated. Let me give you a brief summary of some of these theories.
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LZ听得好多哦~好刻苦~- u; F9 S/ u; U4 U) z* K9 C7 K9 l
好久没来了，LZ貌似很量变啊~