Bessie Smith(1894。4。15~1937。9。26）

     是爵士乐历史上的一位悲剧性的人物。她在音乐上的出色成就是公认的，可以毫不夸张地说，她是第一位主要录制唱片的布鲁斯歌手和爵士歌手，对于这两种音乐形式的发展都作出了巨大的贡献。从整个爵士乐和布鲁斯的历史来看，她也可以被认为是最有魅力和力量的歌手之一。

4 v# d, G( o! N, @1 \    早在1923年她首次灌制唱片时，她富于情感的演唱就大大超越了当时低劣的唱片制作水平，她使音乐具有了生命力。即使是在几十年后的今天，当人们听起现在保存下来的珍贵的录音时，仍能从中感受到她在歌曲中表达出的感馆，这绝非夸夸其谈。被评论界授予“布鲁斯歌手”称号的Smith在这个领域可以说是没有任何竞争对手。

- S5 O# A% c1 ], f2 E" Q# H      1925年5月25日，哥伦比亚唱片公司安排她录制《黄狗布鲁斯》。当时哥伦比亚公司刚刚采用了电声技术，这在当时是一个革新，伴奏乐队的声音不会再影响到歌手的效果。在此之前，Bessie最多和三重奏乐队录制过唱片。   H8 U6 o: E6 `9 Y6 j& Z
Bessie成长在田纳西州纳什维尔市贫民窟中，她童年的经历极为不幸。1912年当时只有18岁的Bessie Smith被 Ma Rainey 发现，并吸收到自己的乐队之中，Bessie成为了她演出的伙伴，受到她的保护和指导。某种程度上，Bessie的音乐成就除了她的天才之外，同 Rainey 的教导也是分不开的。尽管在 Rainey 的演唱生涯中，也取得了辉煌的成就，成为了第一位主要的黑人女歌手，但从一开始，Bessie Smith 就注定了将超越她的前辈。

* Z8 @( P* i: T: J& S     1920年，已经羽翼丰满的Bessie Smith独立演出，她的首演之地是新泽西州的大西洋城。三年之后，她迁居到爵士乐的中心城市纽约。她的才华很快就引起了录音界的注意，慧眼识才的哥伦比亚唱片公司和她签订了合同。她在不久之后就推出了自己的首张唱片，由 Alberta Hunter 作曲的《Downhearted Blues》，这张唱片一发行，Bessie Smith就成为了歌唱界的名人。在整个二十年代，Bessie Smith成为了美国最红的歌手，她有机会录音、演出，她有了充分的资格选择自己的伴奏者。  

: _3 }/ b1 {1 v. U# g; F      在二十年代，Smith是一位成功的歌手，在黑人娱乐界她是首屈一指的大明星。然而其他听众对于她几乎是一无所知，白人听众完全是依靠唱片才知道了她的名字。布鲁斯却逐渐由于经济形势一天天变糟，以致逐渐不流行。
9 B0 x5 c) S% p. s: K  z终于在1929年，由于大萧条时期的到来，布鲁斯成为过时的音乐，Bessie Smith在歌坛的如日中天的地位受到了动摇，并且直线下降。一切都是来得那么的突然，年仅三十五岁的Smith正处于事业的高峰，她对此突如其来的打击感到不解。在这一年，她参加了电影《St. Louis Blues》的拍摄。这是一部低成本的影片，而且非常短，其中保存下了Smith至今为止唯一的一组镜头，但是拍电影也未能给Smith带来好运。

  
% v& s. K7 e! K* O       1931年，与她合作多年的哥伦比亚唱片公司解除了她的合同。原因很简单，因为没有人愿意在伤心的岁月听忧伤的歌曲，人们需要快乐的节奏，、即便是低俗的音乐也有市场，艺术首先要让位于利润，效益和金钱，即使是 Bessie Smith 也难以逃脱厄运。1934年Bessie录制了她最后的四首曲子的演唱唱片。她依然坚持工作，对于她来说，演唱就是生活，就是她的一切；放弃了歌唱就是放弃了她的生活。在1935年她在阿波罗歌舞厅演唱过，她还在一场《Stars over Broadway》演出中担任了后来倔起的 Billie Holiday 的候补角色。这次机会对于久已陌生了舞台的 Smiths 来说，实在是太珍贵了，她把得以卷土重来的希望全都寄托在这次演出上。人们重新看到了他们久已忘记了的，甚至已经陌生了的Bessie Smith。他们似乎是重新发现了新大陆，重新见到了长久未见到的天才歌手，重新听到了富于情感的声音，他们为之欢呼。

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      终于，Bessie来到了音乐家的殿堂——卡内基音乐厅，参加了 John Hammond 的《From Spirituals to Swing》的演出，一起似乎都好了起来，Bessie又找到了成功的感觉，她的命运似乎从此而逆转。然而命运似乎总是以捉弄人为乐。Bessie在南方的密西西比遭遇车祸，据说本来她的伤势并非致命，然而在种族歧视盛行的南方，一位黑人是不会受到白人公正的对待的，她的伤势被耽误了，终于因此而失去了生命，她的许许多多的愿望都为完成。否则在爵士乐结盛的时代谁又能说Smith不会再度创造新的奇迹呢?

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6 _; ?' R& `9 ?8 L) }       1967年，Bessie Smith入选Down Beat爵士名人堂。

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赞一下~~~太长了·~~没来得及看~~~~~~~

7.24
$ f' C0 e" v. R7.艺术史
0 _8 k$ o  K# c; `2 DListen to a part of talk in the art history class.4 D! `! G& [6 S& [0 g
To study paintings by old masters, experts often make use of (利用)modern technology. Today let’s talk about one example of that—x-ray. These days the x-ray equipment(设备) is no longer found just in hospitals and dentist’s offices. Now it’s also widely used in the study of works of art and led to some exciting discoveries. For instance(例如), an art historian in Ohio discovered 2 famous paintings now held in different museums were originally(原版) part of a same painting, probably sewed apart by some greedy（贪婪）art dealer(商人).% m  e% c7 A) S8 u* h8 W# s
X-ray shows several hidden figures that had been split(分离) between the 2 canvases（油画）. In another famous painting, a portrait(肖像) of a young boy, an x-ray revealed（显示）
( s8 t/ E# F: p5 A3 ~( Lthe artist had once painted a small white dog where now only rocks and grass can be seen. In this case, the technology gives us an insight(洞察) into how an artist thinking developed and changed during the process of painting a picture. Perhaps the most important question in an art historian may have to address, is whether a particular work was actually painted by a certain master artist or perhaps by a less well known apprentice(徒弟)
! n: A8 T! N" N: D" m& f  @or imitator（仿造者）. They hide in brush dropper back in x-ray revealed may lead to definite(确切的) answer to this question but not always. Let me talk you now about 2 respected experts and how each use x-rays of one famous butch portrait to support radically different conclusions about it. 7 w( C* u2 e3 @- P/ O, N. q$ X

& n$ N, d+ h1 M8.美国革命
, Q5 H& B1 N6 vListen to a part a lecture in a United States history class.
: v" \9 @# t3 w5 M) a! fWe’ve been looking at factors leading up the American Revolution. Today I want to look more deeply into what the colonists in the 1700 was thinking and feeling. What motivated(动机) them to change the political order violently（暴力）-was it the money,$ K1 G7 c( O" {! h9 K9 z( m; {
social injustice, religious(宗教的) intolerance（偏狭）. Without question American colonists saw the conflict in terms of political issues. They are concerned with not so much the economic problems as it was how the colonists wanted and indeed though they deserved(值得) to live. In other words, the American revolution was about liberty(自由) the protection（保护）of personal liberty. You see the colonists share to believe that was quiet radical(基本的) at the time. They believe that the person had right, these rights were not based on the generosity of the king and they weren’t based on the language the law. The colonists believe in the higher law, one that granted people rights, rights that were born with and which couldn’t be taken away by any human being. Unless of course someone commit the crime and then they have to go through the proper(正确的) legal steps. Now what were these rights? I’ll quote directly from the declaration of independence which states them clearly:” we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The colonists had a new vision of what make political authority legitimate and what make personal liberty secure. Their vision was this, legitimate government require the consent of those who be in governed. So to understand how events lead to revolution, we need to understand specifically how political power had been exercised by the British in the colonies. Any ideas？
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7.28
; d; E  L1 v( y7 m: e. ^2 \& A; _9.发明
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$ N' [/ S2 n# T, R# f" f  JListen to the end of a lecture given by a professor of engineering(工程).9 F0 d) c- [7 i  |) ^* D2 i
But too often, it seems to me we apply the term “invention” only to big important items like the car or the telephone. After all, we can hardly imagine surviving without them. We don’t stop to think that there are literally hundreds of inventions that make our life a little easier, a little more convenient. Let’s take something as common as the paper back on my desk here. Yes, that’s right. I’ve got my lunch it. Well, I never open my lunch bag without think of Charles Stilwell who in 1883 invented the first machine to produce like this. You see, before Stilwell, bags were pasted together by hand, and they didn’t have flat bottoms so they couldn’t stand on their own and you couldn’t fold(折叠), @: l7 A7 `+ R0 n& z3 M9 h0 F
them very well either. Stilwell changed all that with what is really a marvelous piece of engineering. Think about it; look at how efficiently this bag is designed. I can open it with a% }& T! f3 O' r4 \
flick my wrest, but I can also fold it back flat as a piece paper, and I can store a hundred of them under my desk. What’s more, it’s strong, see, I can even put this heavy dictionary in it and it won’t break. But it’s cheap to produce. Really it’s a masterpiece of practical engineering, grocery stores buy over a billion of them every year. Well, nobody remembers Stilwell nowadays, but his little invention has certainly proved useful. If any of you could produce anything help as useful, you have really done something.! V$ u% b7 K: b# H7 b6 q. E

. x. A. m) h3 D/ D10艺术; V3 ]+ n" w  o' S/ R3 Y; H4 S
Listen to a discussion in an art history class./ d" D! x$ e$ I) ~- v  w+ D
I was talking before the break about funding in art in United States about where the money comes from. I think some of you probably have question. Yes, tom.
% F5 k) g) m6 Y. pYou said that during the depression the government provides relief work to a lot of artists. Just what sort of works did they do?
# r7 _7 L. z4 p) N( u9 C6 h9 G" mIt depended on the kind of artists you talking about. a lot of painters did work for government building, murals, and city halls
9 V% _' F' m! L. a, k! N4 V1 v! Zor other public buildings for example. sculptors did work to put in the public park ,that sort of things.- f, |6 `& y+ ?1 k' r
Didn’t people get upset about the government spending so much money on art?
" o$ o! d- ?! t& [: bThere were some criticisms, sure. Many people consider the program wasteful, they thought that creating public art was not real work like paving a road or putting up a building. But the government was concerned with getting as many people employed as possible.2 m+ w  f6 J1 P
Could I ask about one more thing? I expected art from 1930’s to be abstract. But what you show in the slides was pretty realistic.
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( b8 `/ H, u4 h" W4 ?# y0 TYou maybe a little mixed up there. Abstract expressionism-That’s the main of American abstract school is usually associated with 1950.1 s6 M( d( }5 b- l
Was there a dominant artistic style that these depression era artists used?
  s2 g0 o6 F, w( [Let’s look at a few more slides. may be that will show you. Also there was an exhibition in Washington a few yeas ago about this art. So I put a catalog from the show on reserve in the library. If any of you want to see more examples of this work. Go over take a look.

你敢告我你去哪了么？？？！！！

7.29今天主题是 ~History~1 H& B9 f. b- B/ K
历史第13篇
0 `9 x. X5 g$ w/ k" c. [1. Listen to part of talk in a history class.5 T: O4 r; k# o6 M0 u3 Z- K
There is nothing you can do to escape history. Perhaps you don’t realize it but you are always surrounded by things that connect you to the past. Take for example, something as simple as bobby pin(扁平发卡) that people sometime wear in their hair. It goes back 10,000 (ten thousands) years. Ancient graves in Asia contain hairpins（发卡）made of bone and iron, silver and gold. In function（功能）, they are a little different from what we use today. Cleopatra is set to prefer hairpins of ivory that was decorated with jewels. Roman hairpins were sometimes hollow inside making them better to carry poison it. Now the modern bobby pin owes its name and shape to the 17th century French court, n, P, [$ T6 X7 p. P& \
where wigs(假发) 7 T- X* D; r7 D( J
were in fashion. They made wearing a wig easier as they were used to pin the people’s real hair very close to the head. That was called bobbed hair. The u shaped pin that facilitated（更容易做到）these was called a bobbing with pin which became bobby pin in England 18th century. Then in the 19th century the bobby pins that are still in use today, the once made of steel（钢）wire began to be mass produced.
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8 H, f( a: D1 o+ F4 I主题是 bobby pin扁平发卡;hairpins发卡。: X4 L7 U. \  ?
Pin 胸针
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Perhaps you don’t realize it but you are always surrounded by things that connect you to the past.  l; @* a2 ^. n# O! N/ N0 k
3.
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6 p+ N: H) b9 E( Q7 f( c1 jRoman hairpins were sometimes hollow inside making them better to carry poison it.' l* ~3 x) b$ a/ C2 E! h" \
4. 细节B
  h) F4 k9 L' O# k  |Now the modern bobby pin owes its name and shape to the 17th century French court where wigs were in fashion.5 Y- x: ?. S& N% A+ R
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细节B
6 p9 t5 a5 [  E; pThen in the 19th century the bobby pins that are still in use today, the once made of steel wire began to be mass produced.
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% ^  }) y' B- u' a; U0 A; N' ]- u分类上历史14篇 0 x* O4 J0 |$ U, ^$ s) b
2. Listen to a talk given by an economics professor. # A' N& h0 G* V5 ^
Let me tell you about an exhibit of the university museum that you might want to see. There are showing a collection of coins and paper money used in North American in the last two hundred yeas. The exhibit also includes historic facts about the various forms of currency(货币). 2 q" D. J- R  ^
One interesting item I saw was a currency note from Canada; a piece of paper money worth only 25 cents. I’ve never seen a bill worth so little. The Canadian government issued the notes in 1870 as a temporary(临时) solution to a shortage of coins. The plan was to use them for only a few yeas until enough coins could be made. The people found the bill so useful that the Canadian government printed more in 1900 and 1923. Most people simply like the bills because they were easy to hold in the purse（钱包）or a pocket（衣兜） or to send through the mail. They are only about half of our size as our current bills. But what’s unusual is the way the soldiers used them. They would stick them down in their boots to prevent the boots from rubbing against their skin. You could image how use irritated（发炎）your shins（胫骨） might get if your boot’s had to rubber against them all days. So the durable（耐用）paper really helped. As result, they became know as shin plasters（膏药）. The bank of Canada finally recalled the shin plasters in 1935 and ironically (讽刺)those that were not destroyed are now valuable collector’s items like the one on display at the museum. 4 f! N) C( G/ a" a3 t

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' V! l; d& t5 Z* n主题currency货币；coins ；paper money ；bill; shin plasters$ Q" A0 c# E7 x3 H3 n
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4 ]" F* b! ?: i3 {+ }- w" }主要内容 A
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( ^4 B6 U. s& U1 f细节 C
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4 y5 v$ I; C0 F4 |, i; G0 z9 i) x8 t细节D2 X  L: S7 w  ], A9 }% b! G
4.
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细节B

引用:

原帖由 棉花糖落落 于 2008-7-29 13:13 发表 7 H. W( z6 d/ K" I
你敢告我你去哪了么？？？！！！

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跟小央去办转正定级去了~还吃了好吃的~
5 V1 J. N& A2 X' [' k( b你啥时回来?我打听到了又便宜又好吃的日本自助~
$ ^) n7 o5 G% ~  i咱去吃吧~

刀呢，刀在哪呢~~~~~嘎嘎~~~~~~
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1 ~8 g" H/ K: ~: O[ 本帖最后由 棉花糖落落 于 2008-7-30 21:07 编辑 ]

引用:

原帖由 棉花糖落落 于 2008-7-30 21:01 发表
4 r5 f! W8 u2 _7 H. }5 s刀在哪里~~~~~嘎嘎~~~~~~

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你就是我见过最坏心的女人~寿司自助没了~~
: ^* \/ t2 M; N7 A  Z( ?你嫉妒吧~

我去找小央~~~~
1 X$ I/ t; O7 m9 b% S! I呜呜呜~~~~~~~~~$ O6 l# t7 n8 N; M. H9 ~
你欺负人·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~··