8.27; I1 \- F+ u# c. m' \
人体生理学5
. Q- R) ?9 E- x' f5 z+ W8 t& Q- [这篇好难啊！$ A3 I% W* y/ u0 j* w( s# ^7 {
Did you know you can catch a mood? A bad mood isn’t spread by a virus like (the) flue (is), but it can be contagious. Moods, sorts of
9 p4 h' j4 X  i; J) d(drift漂移), from person to person unconsciously. Slide(slight轻视，不在意) and unconditional(unintentional无心的) signals carry the mood. You’ve prabably experienced it youself. You are around someone (who is feeling down and showing it, slumped意气消沉的 shoulders, downcast气馁的悲哀的 mouth, subdued voice柔和的声音 – all that sort of thing.). Pretty soon, you begin to feel despressed, too. Of course, good moods are also catching, no just bad ones.
+ w$ B! {6 r- r" Y3 oMoods spread in steps. One person ‘s facial expression (or) whatever is observed by another, who then unconsciously begins to mimic. The process is automatic, a few (split) seconds of mimicry. The person isn’t even aware of (copying) . (A full-blown完全发展的+ M- Q8 R, G& P1 I9 l) K* {
case of mood transfer develops) as this copy continues. Not everyone picks up moods to the same degree. Those who are most<susceptible易受影响的> often have strong physiological生理学的 responses to what’s going on around them. You know people (who) break out in a nervous (sweat easily and whose stomachs churn搅动).& G  N( q9 ~$ c" U/ k6 N8 H: k
People don’t all send moods equally well, either. The best mood senders are expressive people. Because moods <contagion传染> can not happen without signals. If they aren’t there, that is,
4 @+ A' t- K5 v% X8 dthe person gives no indication (of the mood) ' R+ y# }5 v! h
they are in.Nobody will pick up the mood.

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人体生理学6
, ]! ^+ j6 X& B+ o5 E7 SDid you ever wonder why it is that most people in our(are) programmed + d% ]! \8 k' v
这个词组用得很形象！(to) sleep at night （instead of during）the day? If there is something about the cycle of linght and dark, it tells(that’s telling) us when to sleep. Then shouldn’t& z9 v1 J$ ^# e
the sleep cycle of a blind person be different? As it turns out, many blind people, people with no visual perception of light at all, do have the same sleep cycle as sighted people. So now you are wondering, how can this happen, the answer is hormone. One hormone in particular. It’s called melatonin褪黑激素.
$ J7 q* [3 \/ S/ U- ZIn sighted people, the level of melatonin goes up at night, or when it’s dark and goes down in the day or or when it’s light. It is believed that it is the present(presence) of this home in the blood that gives us the urge to sleep. If (an) increased
8 k% H& a8 b' ^% [! l, Q8 w& {(in) melatonin褪黑激素 levels (programmes) sighted people to sleep at night, then what about blind people?
9 @+ E+ t+ ^7 e% y3 }* [' [% ?* LA researcher, called Doctor XX tells us an interesting experiment. He tried shining a bright light into the eyes of some blind people. When he did this, he noticed that the level of melatonin褪黑激素 in the blood of these subjects此处做对象讲 went down in the blood, just as it would do for sight people. 2 ~; Y% X# e( F. V0 Z
Somehow, the eys of these subjects, even though they were damaged or have no perception of light, could tell their brain when there is（was）) p/ P1 h8 N! n  J+ E, z/ S* o
more or less light.
& p6 T4 l0 N9 K2 H0 {9 ?Now this doesn’t work for all blind people. In fact, most of XX subjects have no hormone response to light at all. For(Further) researcher may be able to explain the senstivity to light in terns of the blindness of the subject.

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[ 本帖最后由 yrs207 于 2008-8-29 16:23 编辑 ]

8.29
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' M: G' ~: A) K# ~So, you see, physical illness can have psychological causes. Now, we just have time to introduce another interesting example of interaction between the mind and the body—placebos. Placebos, maybe (you’ve heard them called) sugerpills or(are) harmless (substances物质) , not always sugers,
. F2 P" D8 r. D% R( _( x(that are used routinely on groups of sick) people in experiments. These experiments test the effectiveness of new drugs. One group is given a new drug, and the other group is given a placebo,
6 h% U( q4 `7 v5 ]/ D/ tand the results are measured. & F4 |7 G0 o7 K6 w: \2 M9 Y
As you might guess, some of the people who receive new drugs get better. Surprisingly, however, some of the placebbo group also get better. Why? Well, it’s an interesting question. (one which)
" T& Q+ e* `9 ~  Odoctors can’t quite answer. Some of the group may (have gotten) better (on their own) without any treatment at all. But the research have shown, that the very active(act of taking a medication)
  q$ F' g6 m% }6 |' O/ C6 wthat you think will make you better, often does make you feel better. Have you ever taken an    aspirin阿斯匹林 and felt better in five minutes? Aspirin doesn’t work that fast, does it? Basically, if you believe you will get better, sometimes you do.2 a8 [" `5 I, x7 w/ B: f% a9 P3 w
The history of lots of(how) doctors and healers have used mind-body connection to cure people is long and interesting. But I see it’s time to close. So I will (have to) cover this in the next class. You (have to) hold 6 ^& A- R/ e7 Z* E
your questions about(on) this topic until(till) then. Before you go, I have some handouts for you, concerning your min-term exams next week.

it's time to review all above!

8.30
$ q5 E  p- P+ {# O: k3 Q) O  c天文学1
8 y' {4 j7 G' R( m7 OLocated at the NASA research center in XX, is a 5000-- gallon vat大桶 of water, inside the tank is underwater treadmill跑步机，踏板, designed by XX, an aerospace engineer. For four years, XX observed <scuba>水中呼吸器 divers潜水员" @0 P- V: p4 s6 e5 @8 X- v
as they stimulated walking on the Moon and Mars on their underwater moving belts带子,腰带. He wanted to discover that how the gravity of the moon and of mars would affect human movement.
# d: \3 ^$ G( i$ E# `To do this, XX attached weights into the divers and then lowered them into a tank and onto the tredmill.7 i4 }) W! ~1 }( a2 v- L4 M
These weights were carefully adjusted so that the diverse could experience underwater the gravity of the moon and of mars when walking on the treadmill . XX concluded that walking on the mars may be probably easier than walking on the moon. The moon has much less gravity than the mars does. So at lunar gravity, the diverse struggle to keep their balance and walked <wkwardly.> But at martian gravity, the diverse had greater traction牵引力 and stability稳定性 , could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As XX gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the diverse took longer, graceful strides优雅的步伐  until they comforbly settled an even quicker pace. XX also noted that at martian gravity, the diverse needed less oxygen. $ z% p) m9 n3 W5 L) \. L& Q
The data XX collected will help in the future design of human spacesuits. Compared to lunar spacesuits, martian spacesuits will require smaller air tanks and to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the spacesuits will also be altered.

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语言学12 Q7 s2 ]( @. t3 }9 [
I’m sure you realize that your research papers are doing(due in压根听错了，也没想到,还奇怪这是什么语法呢) 6 weeks. I’v looked at your proposed topics and make comments about them. The most frequent problem was proposing too broad a topic. Remember this is a only 15-page paper. , I5 n) J1 Q- Q" T" k5 v" q
As we return to your topic papers, I’d like to look over
4 b) o& Z, s, R* z( m/ _your schedule which <sketches> out what will(we’ll) do during the next two weeks. Today is Monday, by Friday, I want your preliminary outline. Please be sure to cooperate(incorporate) suggestions I’ve made on your topics in your outlines. Next week I’ll have a conference with each of you. I suppose(have posted) a schedule on my office door. Sign your name to indicate the time (you are) available for an appointment. In the conference, we will discuss your preliminary outline. Then you can make necessary revisions and hand our(in) your final outline which (is due) two weeks from today.
8 h3 o9 U) u9 b% s( O, o! t6 a' nUse the outline style in your textbook and remember it should be no more than two pages long. Be sure to begin with a thesis statement, that is with precise statement of the poinat you intended to prove and include a conclusion. 0 j- n' P& |- `5 G4 ?: p
Have you got all that? Your two-page (preliminary) outlines will be doing(due) at the end of this week, and your(the final) outline are (due) after the conferences. Follow the textbook style and include a thesis statement and a conclusion.

9.1# H+ W9 J" s0 H7 [* N# t2 b. J
语言学37 U( @' o$ ?. z) H7 |. ^4 j
You will recall that in the last week’s class I talked about how the sounds are made by most animals, though sometimes complex , are different from human language. Only in humans do these the sounds are used in representing and revence events.5 ?9 b5 Y0 e0 X4 q. \
Keep in mind that most animals can only repeat their limited utteraneces说话的方式 over and over again, while humans can say things that have never been said before. Today I want to focus on human language and how it developed.
- Z& w  ?: g+ Q0 nI doubt you will be surprised when I say the evolution of language was slow and laborious. There areis some reliable evidence that language began with early humans a million and a half years ago. Through the study of size and shape of brain fossils, scientists have determined that the early human brains, like modern human brain hashad thea left hemisphere slightly larger than the right hemisphere. We know that in modern humans brains have the left hemisphere is the seat of human language. We also know that the early human brains have a well-developed
' o+ s! [: p% h. Tfrontal section – known as brokenBroca’s area, which ordernates muscles of the mouth and throat .
" F7 D# L) }1 i4 iIt’s clear thatthen early humans had a speech apparatus器官 they produce any sound as we can. What we don’t know is whether early humans use what they had. Since <scholars> know virtually nothing about prehistoric speech patterns, all they can do tois speculate how the language actually originated. Let me give you a brife summary of the summarysome of these theories.

人类学1$ v- B( }: R) Y3 A
9.39 Z3 [) n1 e1 Z4 d
Today’s lecture will center on prehistoric people inof the XX desert. Now, most of these prehistoric desert people moved accross the countryside throughout the year. You might think they were wandering <aimlessly>, far from it. They actually followed a series of plantscarefully planed moves. Where they moved depended on where food was available.—where plants were ripening 成熟or fish were spawning产卵 .
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Now often when these people moved, they carried all their possessions on their backs. But if the journey was long, sometimes the extra food and tools were stored in caves and beneath the rocks . One of these caves is now an exciting <archaeological>考古学的 site. Beyond its small opening, is a huge underground grotto'grɔtəu洞穴
& H/ a' Q5 L1 q' A$ f" Y  o. Even though the cave‘s were very large, they were
4 ], {" y! {5 yit was certainly too dark and dusty满是灰尘的 for travellers to live in. But it was a great place to hide things. And treamendous amouts of food supplies and artifacts石器，人工制品 were found there. The food includes dry fish, <seeds> and nuts. The artifacts include stone spear points and knives; the spear points are actually rather small
7 w% |, N$ b/ r: s/ J0 ?$ l( H. Here is a picture of some that were found. You can see their size in relation to the hands holding them.
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9.73 a3 G3 R& E, [+ G
人类学3
  ^. |7 X/ F6 q! ~% r' yI understand that your professor has been discussing several eastern woodland tribes in your study of native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the eastern woodland Indians get their name from the forest—covered areas of the eastern united states where they lived. The earliest eastern cultures date back 9000 years, but the group we will focus on dates back only to 700AD. We now call these native Americans culture the Missibi culture, because they settled in the Missibi River Valley. 8 w0 d) u% U$ _3 L
This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments, called Temple Mounts. They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The Temple Mounts were located in the central square of the new city, with the huts of the townspeople built in rows around the plaza. / R) m9 m7 {5 m4 R0 V
The Missibi people were city dwellers, but some city residents earned their living as farmers, tending the field of corn, beans and squash that surrounded the city. The city’s artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery, and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items.
. b2 W  p; P9 d$ R6 WIn the slide幻灯片 I’m about to show, you will see models of a Missibi city.

中间好像少了几天哦
/ R7 t7 n3 t) p4 H) _6 l加油！